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1 levels deep
Компьютерная техника: уровневый -
2 levels deep
English-Russian dictionary of computer science > levels deep
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3 Western Deep Levels
Золотодобыча: Уэстерн-Дип-Левелс (шахта в Южной Африке) -
4 Web site classification
E-comthe organization of content on a Web site into different categories, so that it can be identified and found easily by a user. Classification is a particularly important form of metadata, as a Web site with poor classification will be difficult to navigate and of little use to the visitor.The top-level classification of a Web site expresses, in the fewest and simplest words possible, the nature of the business. For example, is it selling “products,” “services,” or “solutions”? Are its customers “home users,” “small businesses,” “large businesses”? It is important, if possible, to avoid going more than five levels deep in further classification. The more levels there are, the more clicks will be required from visitors to find what they are looking for. It is also best to avoid having too many documents under one classification: more than 50 becomes confusing, and it would probably be better to break down the classification further. -
5 level
1) уровень || устанавливать (регулировать) уровень3) энергетический уровень, уровень энергии4) степень5) градация10) нивелир || нивелировать11) уровень, ватерпас || устанавливать по уровню13) значение ( расчётного параметра)15) планировать, производить планировку ( грунта); разравнивать16) выравнивать(ся) ( о цвете)17) ровно ложиться ( о краске); растекаться с образованием ровной поверхности ( о краске или лаке)19) связь, радио громкость21) горизонтальный полёт || лететь горизонтально•to level off — 1. достигать равновесия; стабилизировать(ся) 2. выпрямлять ( кривую) 3. выравнивать ( положение воздушного судна) 4. приближаться к предельному значению 5. планировать; разравнивать 6. устанавливаться на постоянном уровне;to remain level — выдерживать горизонтальное положение;to reverse a level end-for-end — менять местами концы уровня;-
actuation level
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addressing level
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adit level
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aerodrome level
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air level
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alert level
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allowable level
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ambient light level
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ambient noise level
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amplitude levels
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amplitude-modulation noise level
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approach noise level
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ash level
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atomic energy level
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atomic level
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audio-signal output level
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average picture level
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average sidelobe level
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background level
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background noise level
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backlobe level
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backup water level
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band level
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band-gap level
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base level
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basic impulse level
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behavioral level
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benchmark level
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bin-filling level
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binocular level
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black level
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blacker-than-black level
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black-out level
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bound level
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breath sample level
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bubble level
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builder's level
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bulk trap level
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burden level
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calibration level
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carpenter's level
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carrier level
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carrier noise level
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certificated noise level
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charge level
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charge-storage level
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chroma level
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circuit noise level
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cleanliness level
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cloud level
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commanded speed level
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concentration level
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condemnation level
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condensation level
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confidence level
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constraint level
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contamination level
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control program level
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conversion level
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corona level
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cracking level
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crosscut level
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cross-product level
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cruising level
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crusher level
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curb level
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cutoff level
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dam crest level
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datum level
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decision level
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deep-lying level
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deep level
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defect level
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derating level
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device level
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direct current level
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direct sound level
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donor level
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doping level
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downstream water level
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drainage level
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drawdown level
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drive level
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dumpy level
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dust level
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Egault level
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electrical level of vacancy
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electromagnetic interference level
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energy level
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engineer's level
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equilibrium-xenon level
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excitation level
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exploration level
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failure rate level
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failure level
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Fermi characteristic energy level
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Fermi level
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first-order level
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flight level
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float level
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flood-control storage level
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fluid level
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foreplate level
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formation level
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foundation level
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free energy level
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freezing level
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fuel irradiation level
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geodetic level
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geostrophic wind level
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glass level
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grade level
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gray level
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ground level
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ground vibrational level
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groundwater level
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gyro level
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half-tide level
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hand level
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haulage level
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headwater level
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heat-treated strength level
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high injection level
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highest water level
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high-water level
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hum level
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illumination level
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impounded water level
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impulse insulation level
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impurity level
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injection level
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input level
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insulation level
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integration level
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intensity level
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interference level
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internal surge level
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interrupt level
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intrinsic level
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invert level
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inverted level
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light level
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line level
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loadout level
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local level
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logical level
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loudness level
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lower level
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low-pressure level
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low-water level
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luminance level
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main level
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manning level
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mantle level
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masking level
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mason's level
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mass activity cleanliness level
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maximum controllable level
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maximum flood level
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maximum operating level
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maximum rated sound-power level
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maximum recording level
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maximum water level
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mean annoyance level
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measurement level
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mechanic's level
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meniscus level
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metal level
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metastable level
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mezzanine level
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minimum drawdown level
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mining level
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multiplet level
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nesting level
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neutron level
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no activity cleanliness level
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noise equivalent level
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noise level
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normal level
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normal maximum operating level
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normal pool level
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normaltopwater level
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normalwater level
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nose swab level
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occupational level
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occupied level
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octane level
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oil level
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operating level
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operational cleanliness level
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output level
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overload level
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particulate level
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peak level
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peak recording level
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peak signal level
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peak white level
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pedestal level
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pendulum level
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perceived noise level
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permissible level
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phonon level
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plumb level
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pollution level
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power level
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power monitoring level
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power spectrum level
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PPM level
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precise level
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predetermined level
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pressure level
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priority level
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production level
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protective level
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pumping level
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quantization level
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quieting level
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radiation level
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reactor power level
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received signal level
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recording level
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redundancy level
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reference fare level
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reference level
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reliability level
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resonance level
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response level
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reverberant sound level
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river-bed level
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safe-health level
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saturation level
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sea level
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self-leveling level
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sensation level
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sidelobe level
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siege level
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significance level
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slack level
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slag level
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snorkel level
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solar flux level
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sound pressure level
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sound level
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speech level
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spirit level
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stage level
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staggered flight levels
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standard isobaric level
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static level
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steady-state noise level
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stress intensity level
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striding level
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summer oil level
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surface level
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susceptibility level
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switching surge level
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switching-surge protective level
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sync level
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tailwater level
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target level of safety
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testing level
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thermal noise level
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threshold level
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tilting level
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toxicity level
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transition level
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transmission level
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trigger level
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upper level
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upstream level
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user level
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vacuum level
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variable quantizing level
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ventilation level
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vibration level
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voltage level
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volume units level
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water level
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white level
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winter oil level
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working level
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wye level
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Y-level
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zero level
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zero transmission level -
6 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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7 level
['lev(ə)l]nThey are on a level mentally. — Они одного мнталитета.
She'll bring him to her level. — Она доведет его до своего уровня.
He is not of her level. — Он ей не пара.
The water is on a level with the banks. — Вода вровень с берегами.
He is a professional, but not on a high level. — Он профессионал, но не очень высокого класса.
The accident reduced all the passengers to one level. — Авария поставила всех пассажиров в одно положение.
- intermediate level- dead level
- record level
- world level
- comprehension level
- people on various levels of development- level tablespoon of salt- level indicator
- level of the water
- level of unemployment
- vast level of the dessert
- level of the coast
- level of performance
- level of production
- level of defence spending
- shining level of the lake
- change in price level
- change of level
- people on the level
- books for the advanced level
- at the same level - on various levels
- on a professional level
- far above the usual level
- far above the ordinary level
- above the sea level
- at ground level
- on a purely practical level
- on a conversational level
- at all levels in the union
- at a local level
- below the sea level
- at prices below black-market level
- below the danger level
- on a high-school level
- on the college level
- at government level
- at Cabinet level
- below the general level of the class
- on varying levels
- on a policy-making level
- add three level tablespoons of smth
- arrive to the pre-war level
- be on the same level of knowledge
- be on a level with the window
- be in a deep level of depression
- be on a level with the latest investigations
- check the oil level
- come down to this level
- come to bottom level
- consider the problem at the ministerial level
- discuss the matter at the highest level
- drop to a level of 1000 feet
- sink to a level of 1000 feet
- find one's own level
- get to the required level
- give a level
- go down to smb's level
- keep a constant level
- raise the intellectual level of the people
- raise the issue on a low level
- reach the prewar level
- reduce smb to the level of beasts
- reach a higher level
- reduce to one level
- talk on a purely professional levelUSAGE: -
8 discount
1. сущ.1)а) торг. скидка (с цены), ценовая скидка (денежная сумма или процент, на который поставщик снижает стандартную цену товара или услуги; напр., снижение стандартной цены товара в рамках кампании по стимулированию сбыта или снижение прейскурантной цены в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж, за покупку в большом количестве и т. п.; также снижение стандартного тарифа на услуги для клиентов, удовлетворяющих определенным требованиям, напр., уменьшение величины страховой премии в связи с особенностями данного риска, отсутствием аварий или других страховых случаев в течение определенного времени, либо уменьшение стоимости туристической путевки при приобретении общей путевки для группы лиц и т. п.)ATTRIBUTES:
cumulative 2), aggregate 2)
one-time discount — единовременная [разовая\] скидка
COMBS:
discount in the amount of— скидка в сумме
At the purchase of 6-10 titles you will obtain the discount in the amount of 5%.
discount of $125, $125 discount — скидка в размере 125 долл.
10% discount, discount of 10% — скидка в размере 10%, десятипроцентная скидка
1% discount for cash — скидка 1% за расчет наличными
15% discount for quantity purchases — 15-процентная скидка за покупку в большом количестве
less discount of 5% — со сидкой в 5%, за вычетом 5%
A discount of up to 40% may apply to Physical Damage Coverage for your boat, if the boat is less than 11 years old.
a discount of 10 to 40 percent — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 40%
a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%
discount on [below, to, off, from\] — скидка с (цены, тарифной ставки)
50% discount below the normal retail price — 50% скидка с обычной розничной цены
You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!
Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.
discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)
Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.
special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки
50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет
to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку
Discounts are given for quantity purchases.
First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.
The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.
Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.
to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку
Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.
He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.
to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку
When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.
Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.
to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой
If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.
It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.
Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]
to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку
To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.
to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку
Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.
to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку
This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.
To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.
to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку
ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.
Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.
American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.
They've increased the tax discount on the house.
Syn:Ant:See:advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discountб) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)ATTRIBUTES:
accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)
deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*
COMBS:
discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме
discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.
As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.
10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт
For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.
a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%
a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%
discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)
Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.
The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.
Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.
All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.
Ant:See:accrued discount, acquisition discount а), amortized discount, bond discount, debt discount, deep discount 1) а), discount from price, discount on price, Discount on Notes Payable, Discount on Notes Receivable, market discount а), original issue discount, price discount 1) б), share discount, unamortized discount, accretion of discount, accrual of discount, accumulation of discount, amortization of discount, amount of discount, discount accretion, discount amortization, discount amount б), discount bond, discount percentage 1) б), discount price, discount securities, discount yield, percentage of discount, discounted price б) premium price б) at a discount 1) б)в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)See:bank discount а), banker's discount, amount of discount, discount amount в), discount basis, discount interest rate, discount market 1) в), discount percentage 2) в), discount policy 2) в), discount rate 1) а), 1) б), discount rate of interest, percentage of discount, rate of discount, discounting 1)г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)See:е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)See:discount for lack of control, discount for lack of marketability, key person discount, lack of control discount, lack of marketability discount, marketability discount, minority discount, minority interest discountж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)Ant:See:acquisition discount б), compound discount, forward discount, interest discount, interest rate discount, loan discount 1) б), 2) б), merchant discount, reinvestment discount, tax discount, underwriter's discount, discount fee 1), 2), discount interest rate, discount mortgage, discount points, discount rate 1) в), 1) г), discount rate of interest, merchant discount fee, rate of discount, discounted mortgage, at a discount 2)2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)Syn:discounting 1)See:invoice discount 2) discount broker б), discount credit, discount factoring, discount fee 3) б), discount house 1) б), discount market 1) б), discount period 2) б), discount window, discounter а), discountability, discountable 1) а), bill broker, rediscount 1.3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)Syn:discounting 2)See:discount coefficient, discount factor, discount interest rate, discount rate 2), discount rate of interest, dividend discount model, rate of discount4)а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)Syn:б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]Syn:discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)See:2. гл.1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.
to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены
to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%
Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.
If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.
All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.
The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.
United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.
The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.
This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.
discounted mortgage — ипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*
discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*
discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена
See:discount period 1) б), discounted bond, discounted goods, discounted mortgage, discounted period, discounted price, discounter б), discountable 2) б), non-discountable, undiscounted 1) а), 1) б), discounting 3) б)2) фин., банк. учитыватьа) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%
In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.
The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.
б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%
The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.
If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.
to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя
See:accounts receivable discounted, discounted bill, discounting 1), discountability, discountable 1), discounter 1) а), rediscount 2. 1) а)3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным
Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.
See:4) фин. дисконтировать ( приводить будущие значения экономических показателей к текущей стоимости)to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%
Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.
To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.
We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.
The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.
When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.
discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток
discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости
See:discounted cash flow, discounted game, discounted payback, discounted payback period, discounted present value, discounted value, present discounted value, discounting 2), discount rate 2), present value, discounted future earnings method, discounting 2), undiscounted 2)5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивостиto discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение
They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.
We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.
By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.
Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.
Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.
Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.
6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.
Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.
The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.
In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.
These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".
Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.
See:
* * *
discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.* * *вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент. Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .* * *особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки-----Финансы/Кредит/Валюта1. учет векселя2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках -
9 level
1) уровеньб) ранг; позиция; категория; иерархическое положениев) амплитуда; интенсивность; относительное значениег) нивелир; ватерпас2) регулировать уровень; устанавливать уровень (напр. освещённости)3) приводить к одинаковому уровню; выравнивать; сглаживать; устранять отличия; нивелировать4) громкость || регулировать громкость5) ранжировать; определять позицию; относить к (определённой) категории; устанавливать степень субординации в иерархии6) горизонтальная линия или плоскость; ровная поверхность, плоская поверхность || устанавливать в горизонтальной плоскости; выравнивать; нивелировать; устанавливать по уровню или ватерпасу7) степень (напр. интеграции)10) рлк нацеливать; наводить; прицеливаться•- level of interactivity
- level within factor - acceptor level
- acceptor impurity level
- accuracy level
- activity level
- adaptation level
- algorithmic level
- allowed level
- allowed energy level
- alpha level
- alpha-geometric level
- alphamosaic level
- ambient level
- amplitude-modulation noise level
- atomic energy level
- audio-signal output level
- average picture level
- background level
- back-lobe level
- band-gap level
- band-power level
- band-pressure level
- base level
- behavioral level
- bit level
- black level
- blacker-than-black level
- blanking level
- brightness level
- bus interface level
- call-tone level
- carrier level
- carrier-noise level
- charged trapping level
- charge-storage level
- chorus level
- chromatic level
- circuit noise level
- clamp level
- clearance level
- clipping level
- common level
- compatibility level
- composite picture signal output level
- concentration level
- confidence level
- contamination level
- conventional significance level
- cross-product level - cutoff level
- data-flow level
- datagram level
- data service level
- deep level
- deep-lying level
- defect level - digital signal level
- discrete level
- discrete energy level
- donor level
- donor impurity level
- doping level
- DS level
- effective privilege level
- electric level
- electronic Zeeman level
- energy level
- entry level
- equivalent loudness level
- equivalent peak level
- exchange level
- exchange-split level
- excitation level
- exciton level
- extra level
- facsimile-signal level
- Fermi level
- Fermi characteristic energy level - floating level
- FM noise level
- foreground level
- free energy level
- function level
- functional level
- gate level
- gray level
- ground level
- ground state level
- HFS level
- high level
- higher bias level
- high logic level
- hum level
- hyperfine-structure level
- impedance level
- implementation level
- impurity level
- impurity energy level
- injection level
- input level - intensity level
- interchange level
- intermediate level
- intermediate energy level
- intrinsic level
- inversion level
- inverted level
- ISO 9660 implementation level
- ISO 9660 interchange level
- jet stream level
- jumbo cell level
- layout level
- light level
- line level
- local level
- logic level
- logical device level
- loudness level
- lower level
- lower energy level
- lowest level
- lowest energy level
- low-field level
- low logic level
- luminescent level
- mask level
- maximum record level
- maximum relative side-lobe level
- metastable level
- multiplet level
- neutral level
- noise level
- occupied energy level
- octave-band pressure level
- operate level of echo suppressor
- orbital energy level
- overload level
- partially filled level
- partially occupied level
- peak signal level
- peak sound-pressure level
- pedestal level
- perceived noise level
- perturbed level
- perturbed energy level
- phonon level
- power level
- power spectrum level
- precedence level
- pressure spectrum level
- price level
- printthrough level
- probability level
- program level
- pumping level
- quantization level
- quantizing level
- quasi-Fermi level
- recording level
- redundancy level
- reference level
- reference black level
- reference white level
- register transfer level
- relative co-polar side-lobe level
- relative cross-polar side-lobe level
- reorder level
- requested privilege level
- resistivity level
- resonance level
- risk level
- rotational level
- rotational energy level
- saturation level
- sensation level
- shallow impurity level
- side-lobe level
- signal level
- significance level
- singlet level
- soil level
- sound level
- sound-energy flux density level
- sound-power level
- sound-pressure level
- specific sound-energy flux level
- speech level
- strong-field level
- surface level
- switching level
- sync level
- synchronizing level
- system level
- television level
- testing level
- test's significance level
- threshold level
- through level
- timing level
- tolerable noise level
- transducer overload level
- transmission level
- trapping level
- trigger level
- triplet level
- true level
- turntable spirit level
- unaffected level
- unfilled level
- unfilled energy level
- unoccupied level
- unoccupied energy level
- upper level
- upper energy level
- usable levels
- vacant energy level
- vacuum level
- variable quantizing level
- variation level
- velocity level
- vibrational level
- vibrational energy level
- virtual level
- virtual energy level
- voltage level
- weighted noise level
- white level
- Zeeman energy level
- zero level -
10 level
1) уровеньб) ранг; позиция; категория; иерархическое положениев) амплитуда; интенсивность; относительное значениег) нивелир; ватерпас2) регулировать уровень; устанавливать уровень (напр. освещённости)3) приводить к одинаковому уровню; выравнивать; сглаживать; устранять отличия; нивелировать4) громкость || регулировать громкость5) ранжировать; определять позицию; относить к (определённой) категории; устанавливать степень субординации в иерархии6) горизонтальная линия или плоскость; ровная поверхность, плоская поверхность || устанавливать в горизонтальной плоскости; выравнивать; нивелировать; устанавливать по уровню или ватерпасу7) степень (напр. интеграции)10) рлк. нацеливать; наводить; прицеливаться•- acceptable reliability level
- acceptor impurity level
- acceptor level
- accuracy level
- activity level
- adaptation level
- algorithmic level
- allowed energy level
- allowed level
- alpha level
- alpha-geometric level
- alphamosaic level
- ambient level
- amplitude-modulation noise level
- atomic energy level
- audio-signal output level
- average picture level
- background level
- back-lobe level
- band-gap level
- band-power level
- band-pressure level
- base level
- behavioral level
- bit level
- black level
- blacker-than-black level
- blanking level
- brightness level
- bus interface level
- call-tone level
- carrier level
- carrier-noise level
- charged trapping level
- charge-storage level
- chorus level
- chromatic level
- circuit noise level
- clamp level
- clearance level
- clipping level
- common level
- compatibility level
- composite picture signal output level
- concentration level
- confidence level
- contamination level
- conventional significance level
- cross-product level
- C-scale sound level in decibels
- current privilege level
- cutoff level
- data service level
- data-flow level
- datagram level
- deep level
- deep-lying level
- defect level
- descriptor privilege level
- device level
- digital signal level
- discrete energy level
- discrete level
- donor impurity level
- donor level
- doping level
- DS level
- effective privilege level
- electric level
- electronic Zeeman level
- energy level
- entry level
- equivalent loudness level
- equivalent peak level
- exchange level
- exchange-split level
- excitation level
- exciton level
- extra level
- facsimile-signal level
- Fermi characteristic energy level
- Fermi level
- FIDO/opus/Seadog standard interface level
- filled energy level
- floating level
- FM noise level
- foreground level
- free energy level
- function level
- functional level
- gate level
- gray level
- ground level
- ground state level
- HFS level
- high level
- high logic level
- higher bias level
- hum level
- hyperfine-structure level
- impedance level
- implementation level
- impurity energy level
- impurity level
- injection level
- input level
- input/output privilege level
- integration level
- intensity level
- interchange level
- intermediate energy level
- intermediate level
- intrinsic level
- inversion level
- inverted level
- ISO 9660 implementation level
- ISO 9660 interchange level
- jet stream level
- jumbo cell level
- layout level
- level of details
- level of integration
- level of interactivity
- level within factor
- light level
- line level
- local level
- logic level
- logical device level
- loudness level
- low logic level
- lower energy level
- lower level
- lowest energy level
- lowest level
- low-field level
- luminescent level
- mask level
- maximum record level
- maximum relative side-lobe level
- metastable level
- multiplet level
- neutral level
- noise level
- occupied energy level
- octave-band pressure level
- operate level of echo suppressor
- orbital energy level
- overload level
- partially filled level
- partially occupied level
- peak signal level
- peak sound-pressure level
- pedestal level
- perceived noise level
- perturbed energy level
- perturbed level
- phonon level
- power level
- power spectrum level
- precedence level
- pressure spectrum level
- price level
- printthrough level
- probability level
- program level
- pumping level
- quantization level
- quantizing level
- quasi-Fermi level
- recording level
- redundancy level
- reference black level
- reference level
- reference white level
- register transfer level
- relative co-polar side-lobe level
- relative cross-polar side-lobe level
- reorder level
- requested privilege level
- resistivity level
- resonance level
- risk level
- rotational energy level
- rotational level
- saturation level
- sensation level
- shallow impurity level
- side-lobe level
- signal level
- significance level
- singlet level
- soil level
- sound level
- sound-energy flux density level
- sound-power level
- sound-pressure level
- specific sound-energy flux level
- speech level
- strong-field level
- surface level
- switching level
- sync level
- synchronizing level
- system level
- television level
- testing level
- test's significance level
- threshold level
- through level
- timing level
- tolerable noise level
- transducer overload level
- transmission level
- trapping level
- trigger level
- triplet level
- true level
- turntable spirit level
- unaffected level
- unfilled energy level
- unfilled level
- unoccupied energy level
- unoccupied level
- upper energy level
- upper level
- usable levels
- vacant energy level
- vacuum level
- variable quantizing level
- variation level
- velocity level
- vibrational energy level
- vibrational level
- virtual energy level
- virtual level
- voltage level
- weighted noise level
- white level
- Zeeman energy level
- zero levelThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > level
-
11 gate
1) ворота; калитка2) заслонка; задвижка; шибер; затвор; запорный элемент ( клапана); клапан3) штрек4) метал. питатель; литник; литниковая система5) пропуск, проход ( металла через валки)6) (гидротехнический) затвор || регулировать поток (гидротехническим) затвором; оборудовать ( сооружение) (гидротехническим) затвором8) ж.-д. шлагбаум11) электрон. временной селектор12) электрон. строб(-импульс), селекторный (стробирующий) импульс || стробировать13) затвор ( полевого транзистора)•gate with floating drum — секторный затвор с верховой осью вращения;-
add gate
-
air gate
-
aligner gate
-
alternation gate
-
alternative denial gate
-
AMIL gate
-
amplitude gate
-
AND gate
-
AND-NOT gate
-
AND-OR gate
-
AND-OR-invert gate
-
anode gate
-
anticoincidence gate
-
aperture gate
-
arc gate
-
automatic gate
-
automatic longitudinal gate
-
AVIO gate
-
backwater gate
-
balance gate
-
bale gate
-
ball gate
-
barrage gate
-
bascule gate
-
bear-trap gate
-
biconditional gate
-
bifurcation gate
-
bin gate
-
bottom gate
-
bottom outlet gate
-
buffer gate
-
bulkhead gate
-
Bureau of Reclamation drum gate
-
buried gate
-
burst gate
-
butterfly gate
-
caisson gate
-
carry gate
-
caterpillar gate
-
cathode gate
-
central gate
-
chain-operated gate
-
check gate
-
chute gate
-
circular-type gate
-
clamshell type gate
-
coaster gate
-
conduit slide gate
-
conjunction gate
-
control gate
-
Corps of Engineers bear-trap gate
-
counterbalanced gate
-
crest gate
-
crossing gate
-
current-mode gate
-
curved film gate
-
cutoff gate
-
cylinder gate
-
cylindrical drum gate
-
deep gate
-
deflecting gate
-
difference gate
-
discharge gate
-
disjunction gate
-
dispersion gate
-
distance gate
-
diversion gate
-
diversity gate
-
double-branch gate
-
double-leaf gate
-
down gate
-
dribble feed gate
-
dribble gate
-
drop gate
-
drum gate
-
dual gate
-
duplex-arc gate
-
early gate
-
EITHER-OR gate
-
electric gate
-
equality gate
-
equivalent gate
-
except gate
-
exclusive OR gate
-
exjunction gate
-
EXOR gate
-
expandable gate
-
exposure gate
-
face-type fixed-wheel gate
-
fan gate
-
feeder gate
-
film gate
-
filter gate
-
finger gate
-
fishbelly flap gate
-
fixed-hinge gate
-
flap gate
-
flat film gate
-
floating gate
-
flow gate
-
flushing gate
-
flush gate
-
flux gate
-
foam gate
-
frame gate
-
free-roller gate
-
grounded gate
-
ground gate
-
guard gate
-
half-way gate
-
high-pressure gate
-
hinged gate
-
hinged-flash gate
-
hook-type double-leaf gate
-
hopper gate
-
horn gate
-
hydraulic gate
-
ice gate
-
implication gate
-
inclusive OR gate
-
inequivalence gate
-
insulated gate
-
intensity gate
-
intersection gate
-
isolated gate
-
join gate
-
joint denial gate
-
joint gate
-
knife gate
-
late gate
-
lattice gate
-
level crossing gate
-
lever-operated gate
-
lift gate
-
liquid gate
-
lock check gate
-
lock gate
-
logic gate
-
logic product gate
-
logic sum gate
-
main gate
-
majority decision gate
-
majority gate
-
match gate
-
matrix gate
-
mechanical gate
-
mechanized gate
-
miter gate
-
mix gate
-
modulo-two sum gate
-
mother gate
-
movable-hinge gate
-
NAND gate
-
narrow gate
-
n-channel silicon gate
-
negative-OR gate
-
nonconjunction gate
-
nondisjunction gate
-
nonequality gate
-
NOR gate
-
NOT gate
-
NOT-AND gate
-
null gate
-
offset gate
-
OR gate
-
outlet gate
-
partial sum gate
-
parting gate
-
peg gate
-
penstock gate
-
picture gate
-
pneumatic gate
-
polysilicon gate
-
poly gate
-
positive AND gate
-
positive NAND gate
-
positive OR gate
-
printing gate
-
proportioning gate
-
pulse gate
-
quencher gate
-
range gate
-
recessed gate
-
rejection gate
-
removable film gate
-
retractable film gate
-
ring gate
-
roadway gate
-
roller gate
-
roller-drum gate
-
roof gate
-
rotary gate
-
Schottky-barrier gate
-
Schottky gate
-
sector gate
-
self-aligned gate
-
service gate
-
Sheffer stroke gate
-
shutter gate
-
shuttle gate
-
single-arc gate
-
skimmer gate
-
slide gate
-
sluice gate
-
spillway gate
-
spinner gate
-
stoplog gate
-
straight film gate
-
supply gate
-
swing gate
-
synchronous gate
-
tail gate
-
Tainter gate
-
threshold gate
-
time gate
-
top gate
-
tractor gate
-
turbine gate
-
union gate
-
unloading gate
-
valve gate
-
vertical-lift gate
-
waste gate
-
waste-flue gate
-
water gate
-
wedge gate
-
wet gate
-
wharf gate
-
wicket gate
-
XOR gate -
12 fall
1. noun2. intransitive verb,fall of snow/rain — Schnee-/Regenfall, der
1) fallen; [Person:] [hin]fallen, stürzen; [Pferd:] stürzenfall off something, fall down from something — von etwas [herunter]fallen
fall down [into] something — in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]fallen
fall down dead — tot umfallen
fall down the stairs — die Treppe herunter-/hinunterfallen
fall [flat] on one's face — (lit. or fig.) auf die Nase fallen (ugs.)
fall into the trap — in die Falle gehen
fall from a great height — aus großer Höhe abstürzen
rain/snow is falling — es regnet/schneit
2) (fig.) [Nacht, Dunkelheit:] hereinbrechen; [Abend:] anbrechen; [Stille:] eintreten3) (fig.): (be uttered) fallenfall from somebody's lips — über jemandes Lippen (Akk.) kommen
4) (become detached) [Blätter:] [ab]fallenfall out — [Haare, Federn:] ausfallen
5) (sink to lower level) sinken; [Barometer:] fallen; [Absatz, Verkauf:] zurückgehenfall into sin/temptation — eine Sünde begehen/der Versuchung er- od. unterliegen
6) (subside) [Wasserspiegel, Gezeitenhöhe:] fallen; [Wind:] sich legen7) (show dismay)his/her face fell — er/sie machte ein langes Gesicht (ugs.)
8) (be defeated) [Festung, Stadt:] fallen; [Monarchie, Regierung:] gestürzt werden; [Reich:] untergehenthe fortress fell to the enemy — die Festung fiel dem Feind in die Hände
9) (perish) [Soldat:] fallen10) (collapse, break) einstürzenfall to pieces, fall apart — [Buch, Wagen:] auseinander fallen
fall apart at the seams — an den Nähten aufplatzen
11) (come by chance, duty, etc.) fallen (to an + Akk.)it fell to me or to my lot to do it — das Los, es tun zu müssen, hat mich getroffen
fall into decay — [Gebäude:] verfallen
fall into a swoon or faint — in Ohnmacht fallen
12) [Auge, Strahl, Licht, Schatten:] fallen ( upon auf + Akk.)fall into or under a category — in od. unter eine Kategorie fallen
14) (occur) fallen (on auf + Akk.)Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/26285/fall_about">fall about- fall for- fall in- fall off- fall on- fall out* * *[fo:l] 1. past tense - fell; verb1) (to go down from a higher level usually unintentionally: The apple fell from the tree; Her eye fell on an old book.) fallen2) ((often with over) to go down to the ground etc from an upright position, usually by accident: She fell (over).) fallen3) (to become lower or less: The temperature is falling.) fallen4) (to happen or occur: Easter falls early this year.) stattfinden5) (to enter a certain state or condition: She fell asleep; They fell in love.) fallen6) ((formal: only with it as subject) to come as one's duty etc: It falls to me to take care of the children.) überlassen bleiben2. noun1) (the act of falling: He had a fall.) der Sturz•- falls- fallout
- his
- her face fell
- fall away
- fall back
- fall back on
- fall behind
- fall down
- fall flat
- fall for
- fall in with
- fall off
- fall on/upon
- fall out
- fall short
- fall through* * *I. NOUNshe broke her leg in the \fall sie brach sich bei dem Sturz das Beinto break sb's \fall jds Sturz abfangento have a \fall hinfallen; (harder) stürzento take a \fall stürzen; (from a horse) vom Pferd fallen2. no pl (descent) Fallen nt; of leaves Herabfallen nt geh; (drop) of an axe, a guillotine Herunterfallen nt; of a level also [Ab]sinken ntthe audience roared at the \fall of the curtain das Publikum brüllte, als der Vorhang fielat the \fall of the tide bei Ebbe fthe rise and \fall of the tide Ebbe und Flut3. METEO, GEOG\fall of earth Erdrutsch m[heavy] \falls of rain/snow [heftige] Regen-/Schneefälle\fall of rock Steinschlag m6. no pl (decrease) Rückgang m (in + gen); in support Nachlassen nt (in + gen); in a level also Sinken nt (in + gen)there was a \fall in support for his party at the last election die Unterstützung für seine Partei hat bei den letzten Wahlen nachgelassen\fall in demand/price/temperature Nachfrage-/Preis-/Temperaturrückgang mthere has been a slight \fall in the price of petrol der Benzinpreis ist leicht zurückgegangensudden \fall in price Preissturz m\fall in pressure Druckabfall m\fall in moral standards Verfall m der Sittena sharp \fall in temperature ein Temperaturabfall m, ein Temperatursturz m\fall in value Wertverlust mthe \fall of the Berlin Wall/Iron Curtain der Fall der Berliner Mauer/des Eisernen Vorhangsthe \fall of Constantinople die Eroberung Konstantinopelsthe \fall of the Roman Empire der Untergang des Römischen Reiches\fall from power Entmachtung f▪ the F\fall [of Man] der Sündenfall10. (waterfall)▪ \falls pl Wasserfall m[the] Victoria F\falls die Viktoriafälle11.▶ to be as innocent as Adam before the F\fall ( saying) so unschuldig sein wie Adam vor dem Sündenfall▶ to take a [or the] \fall for sb/sth AM ( fam) für jdn/etw die Schuld auf sich akk nehmen, für jdn/etw einstehenII. NOUN MODIFIER\fall clothing Herbstkleidung f\fall collection Herbstkollektion f\fall plowing Wintersaat fIII. INTRANSITIVE VERB<fell, fallen>1. (drop, tumble) fallen; (harder) stürzen; (topple) person hinfallen; (harder) stürzen; tree, post, pillar umfallen; (harder) umstürzenhe fell badly and broke his arm er stürzte schwer und brach sich den Armthe bridge fell into the river die Brücke stürzte ins Wasserher horse fell at a fence ihr Pferd blieb an einem Hindernis hängenthe bomb fell on the church and totally destroyed it die Bombe fiel auf die Kirche und zerstörte sie vollständigthe picture's \fallen behind the piano das Bild ist hinter das Klavier gefallento \fall into sb's/each other's arms jdm/sich in die Arme fallento \fall into bed ins Bett fallento \fall under a bus/train unter einen Bus/Zug geratento \fall to one's death in den Tod stürzento \fall on the floor/to the ground auf den Boden fallento \fall to one's knees auf die Knie fallento \fall down dead tot umfallen2. (hang) fallento \fall loosely locker fallenhis hair fell around his shoulders in golden curls sein Haar fiel ihm in goldenen Locken auf die Schulterher hair fell to her waist ihr Haar reichte ihr bis zur Taillea curl/a strand of hair fell into her face eine Locke/Strähne fiel ihr ins Gesicht▪ to \fall on sb/sth jdn/etw überfallenthe audience was still laughing as the curtain fell als der Vorhang fiel, lachte das Publikum immer nochthe snow had been \falling all day es hatte den ganzen Tag über geschneitmore rain had \fallen overnight über Nacht hatte es noch mehr geregnetdarkness \falls early in the tropics in den Tropen wird es früh dunkelnight was already \falling es begann bereits dunkel zu werdenthe blows continued to \fall on him die Schläge prasselten weiter auf ihn niederthe axe looks likely to \fall on 500 jobs 500 Stellen werden wahrscheinlich gestrichen werdensilence fell on the group of men [ein] Schweigen überfiel die Männer4. (slope) [steil] abfallen5. (decrease) sinken; price, temperature, pressure, value also fallen; demand, sales, numbers also zurückgehen; ( fig) barometer fallenwater supplies have \fallen to danger levels der Wasservorrat ist auf einen gefährlich niedrigen Stand abgesunkenthe attendance fell well below the expected figure die Besucherzahlen blieben weit hinter den erwarteten Zahlen zurückchurch attendance has \fallen dramatically die Anzahl der Kirchenbesucher ist drastisch zurückgegangen [o gesunken]\falling prices pl Preisrückgang m6. (be defeated) government, regime, politician gestürzt werden; empire untergehen; city, town eingenommen werden, fallento \fall from power seines Amtes enthoben werden▪ to \fall to sb jdm in die Hände fallenBasildon finally fell to Labour at the last election Basildon fiel in der letzten Wahl Labour zu7. (lose a position, status) fallento \fall in the charts/the table in den Charts/der Tabelle fallento have \fallen to the bottom of the league table ganz unten in der Tabelle stehento \fall in sb's estimation in jds Achtung sinken8. (fail)to stand or \fall on sth mit etw dat stehen und fallenthe proposal will stand or \fall on the possible tax breaks der Vorschlag wird mit den zu erwartenden Steuervergünstigungen stehen und fallen10. (be) liegenEaster \falls early/late this year Ostern ist dieses Jahr früh/spätthis year, my birthday \falls on a Monday diese Jahr fällt mein Geburtstag auf einen Montagthe accent \falls on the second syllable der Akzent liegt auf der zweiten Silbe11. (belong)to \fall into a category/class in [o unter] eine Kategorie/Klasse fallenthis matter \falls outside the area for which we are responsible diese Sache fällt nicht in unseren Zuständigkeitsbereichthat side of the business \falls under my department dieser Geschäftsteil fällt in meinen Zuständigkeitsbereichthat \falls under the heading... das fällt unter die Rubrik...any offence committed in this state \falls within the jurisdiction of this court jedes Vergehen, das in diesem Staat begangen wird, fällt in den Zuständigkeitsbereich dieses Gerichts12. (be divided)the text \falls into three sections der Text gliedert sich in drei Kategorien13. (become)to \fall prey [or victim] to sb/sth jdm/etw zum Opfer fallento \fall asleep einschlafento \fall due fällig seinto \fall foul of sb mit jdm Streit bekommento \fall foul of a law [or regulation] ein Gesetz übertretento \fall ill [or sick] krank werdento \fall open aufklappento \fall silent verstummento \fall vacant frei werden14. (enter a particular state)to \fall into debt sich akk verschuldento \fall into disrepair [or decay] verkommento \fall into disrepute in Misskredit geratento \fall into disuse nicht mehr benutzt werdento \fall in love [with sb/sth] sich akk [in jdn/etw] verliebento \fall out of love [with sb/sth] nicht mehr [in jdn/etw] verliebt seinto \fall into a reflective mood ins Grübeln kommento have \fallen under the spell of sb/sth von jdm/etw verzaubert sein15.▶ to \fall on deaf ears auf taube Ohren stoßen▶ sb's face fell jd machte ein langes Gesicht▶ to \fall on hard times harte Zeiten durchleben▶ to \fall into place (work out) sich akk von selbst ergeben; (make sense) einen Sinn ergeben, [einen] Sinn machen fam▶ to \fall short [of sth] etw nicht erreichen▶ to \fall short of sb's expectations hinter jds Erwartungen zurückbleiben▶ to \fall into a/sb's trap in die/jdm in die Falle gehenI was afraid that I might be \falling into a trap ich hatte Angst, in eine Falle zu laufenthey fell into the trap of overestimating their own ability sie haben ihre eigenen Fähigkeiten völlig überschätzt▶ to \fall to a whisper in einen Flüsterton verfallen* * *[fɔːl] vb: pret fell, ptp fallen1. nto have a fall — (hin)fallen, stürzen
2) (= defeat of town, fortress etc) Einnahme f, Eroberung f; (of Troy) Fall m; (of country) Zusammenbruch m; (of government) Sturz m3)fall of rain/snow — Regen-/Schneefall m
4) (of night) Einbruch m5) (= lowering) Sinken nt; (in temperature) Abfall m, Sinken nt; (sudden) Sturz m; (of barometer) Fallen nt; (sudden) Sturz m; (in wind) Nachlassen nt; (in revs, population, membership) Abnahme f; (in graph) Abfall m; (in morals) Verfall m; (of prices, currency, gradual) Sinken nt; (sudden) Sturz m10) (US: autumn) Herbst min the fall — im Herbst
2. vi1) (lit, fig: tumble) fallen; (SPORT, from a height, badly) stürzen; (object, to the ground) herunterfallen2) (= hang down hair, clothes etc) fallen3) (snow, rain) fallen4) (= drop temperature, price) fallen, sinken; (population, membership etc) abnehmen; (voice) sich senken; (wind) sich legen, nachlassen; (land) abfallen; (graph, curve, rate) abnehmen; (steeply) abfallento fall in sb's estimation or eyes — in jds Achtung (dat) sinken
5) (= be defeated country) eingenommen werden; (city, fortress) fallen, erobert or eingenommen werden; (government, ruler) gestürzt werdento fall to the enemy — vom Feind eingenommen werden; (fortress, town also) vom Feind erobert werden
6) (= be killed) fallen9) (= occur birthday, Easter etc) fallen (on auf +acc); (accent) liegen (on auf +dat); (= be classified) gehören (under in +acc), fallen (under unter +acc)that falls within/outside the scope of... — das fällt in/nicht in den Bereich +gen..., das liegt innerhalb/außerhalb des Bereichs +gen...
10) (= be naturally divisible) zerfallen, sich gliedern (into in +acc)11) (fig)where do you think the responsibility/blame for that will fall? — wem wird Ihrer Meinung nach die Verantwortung dafür/die Schuld daran gegeben?
12) (= become) werdento fall ill — krank werden, erkranken (geh)
to fall out of love with sb — aufhören, jdn zu lieben
13)(= pass into a certain state)
to fall into decline (building) — verkommen; (economy) schlechter werdento fall into a state of unconsciousness — das Bewusstsein verlieren, in Ohnmacht fallen
to fall apart or to pieces (chairs, cars, book etc) — aus dem Leim gehen (inf); (clothes, curtains) sich in Wohlgefallen auflösen (inf); (house) verfallen; (system, company, sb's life) aus den Fugen geraten or gehen
I fell apart when he left me — meine Welt brach zusammen, als er mich verließ
14)* * *fall [fɔːl]A s1. Fall m, Sturz m, Fallen n:a) verwegen reiten,take the fall for sb umg für jemanden den Kopf hinhalten2. a) (Ab)Fallen n (der Blätter etc)b) besonders US Herbst m:in fall im Herbst;fall weather Herbstwetter n3. Fall m, Herabfallen n, Faltenwurf m (von Stoff)4. Fallen n (des Vorhangs)5. TECH Niedergang m (des Kolbens etc)6. Zusammenfallen n, Einsturz m (eines Gebäudes)7. PHYSb) Fallhöhe f, -strecke f8. a) (Regen-, Schnee) Fall mb) Regen-, Schnee-, Niederschlagsmenge f9. Fallen n, Sinken n (der Flut, Temperatur etc):a sharp fall ein starkes Gefälle12. An-, Einbruch m (der Nacht etc)13. Fall m, Sturz m, Nieder-, Untergang m, Verfall m, Ende n:the fall of Troy der Fall von Troja;14. a) (moralischer) Verfallb) Fall m, Fehltritt m:15. JAGDa) Fall m, Tod m (von Wild)b) Falle f16. AGR, ZOOL Wurf m (Lämmer etc)win by fall Schultersieg m;try a fall with sb fig sich mit jemandem messenB v/i prät fell [fel], pperf fallen [ˈfɔːlən]1. fallen:the curtain falls der Vorhang fällt3. (herunter)fallen, abstürzen:he fell to his death er stürzte tödlich ab4. (um-, hin-, nieder)fallen, stürzen, zu Fall kommen, zu Boden fallen (Person):5. umfallen, -stürzen (Baum etc)6. (in Locken oder Falten etc) (herab)fallen7. fig fallen:a) (im Krieg) umkommenb) erobert werden (Stadt)c) gestürzt werden (Regierung)d) (moralisch) sinkene) die Unschuld verlieren, einen Fehltritt begehen (Frau)f) SPORT gebrochen werden (Rekord etc)8. fig fallen, sinken (Flut, Preis, Temperatur etc):the temperature has fallen (by) 10 degrees die Temperatur ist um 10 Grad gesunken;the wind falls der Wind legt sich oder lässt nach;his courage fell sein Mut sank;his voice (eyes) fell er senkte die Stimme (den Blick);his face fell er machte ein langes Gesicht;9. abfallen (toward[s] zu … hin) (Gelände etc)11. (zeitlich) eintreten, fallen:12. sich ereignen13. hereinbrechen (Nacht etc)14. fig fallen (Worte etc):the remark fell from him er ließ die Bemerkung fallen15. krank, fällig etc werden:fall heir to sth etwas erben* * *1. noun2. intransitive verb,fall of snow/rain — Schnee-/Regenfall, der
1) fallen; [Person:] [hin]fallen, stürzen; [Pferd:] stürzenfall off something, fall down from something — von etwas [herunter]fallen
fall down [into] something — in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]fallen
fall down the stairs — die Treppe herunter-/hinunterfallen
fall [flat] on one's face — (lit. or fig.) auf die Nase fallen (ugs.)
rain/snow is falling — es regnet/schneit
2) (fig.) [Nacht, Dunkelheit:] hereinbrechen; [Abend:] anbrechen; [Stille:] eintreten3) (fig.): (be uttered) fallenfall from somebody's lips — über jemandes Lippen (Akk.) kommen
4) (become detached) [Blätter:] [ab]fallenfall out — [Haare, Federn:] ausfallen
5) (sink to lower level) sinken; [Barometer:] fallen; [Absatz, Verkauf:] zurückgehenfall into sin/temptation — eine Sünde begehen/der Versuchung er- od. unterliegen
6) (subside) [Wasserspiegel, Gezeitenhöhe:] fallen; [Wind:] sich legenhis/her face fell — er/sie machte ein langes Gesicht (ugs.)
8) (be defeated) [Festung, Stadt:] fallen; [Monarchie, Regierung:] gestürzt werden; [Reich:] untergehen9) (perish) [Soldat:] fallen10) (collapse, break) einstürzenfall to pieces, fall apart — [Buch, Wagen:] auseinander fallen
11) (come by chance, duty, etc.) fallen (to an + Akk.)it fell to me or to my lot to do it — das Los, es tun zu müssen, hat mich getroffen
fall into decay — [Gebäude:] verfallen
fall into a swoon or faint — in Ohnmacht fallen
12) [Auge, Strahl, Licht, Schatten:] fallen ( upon auf + Akk.)fall into or under a category — in od. unter eine Kategorie fallen
14) (occur) fallen (on auf + Akk.)Phrasal Verbs:- fall for- fall in- fall off- fall on- fall out* * *(US) n.Herbst -e m. (of a regime, society) n.Verfall -¨e m. n.Fall ¨-e m.Sturz ¨-e m. v.(§ p.,p.p.: fell, fallen)= absinken v.fallen v.(§ p.,pp.: fiel, ist gefallen)purzeln v.stürzen v. -
13 support
1. n поддержка, помощьI hope to have your support — я надеюсь, что вы меня поддержите
2. n опора, оплотthe elder son is the support of the family — старший сын — опора семьи
3. n кормилец4. n средства к существованию5. n финансовое обеспечение, содержаниеthe school draws its support from public subscriptions — школа существует на средства, собранные общественностью
6. n обеспечениеdepot support — обеспечение, осуществляемое складом
7. n воен. материально-техническое обеспечение8. n театр. актёр или актриса на вторых или выходных ролях9. n жив. основа, основание10. n тех. кронштейн11. n тех. штатив12. n тех. горн. стойка13. n тех. суппорт, держатель14. n спорт. упор15. n спорт. наплыв16. n спорт. эк. закупка для поддержания цен, интервенционная скупка17. v поддерживать, подпирать18. v помогать, поддерживать; содержать19. v воен. обеспечивать; обслуживать20. v оказывать поддержку; придавать силы21. v спорт. быть поклонником22. v защищать; помогать, содействоватьto support the peace policy — поддерживать мирную политику, выступать в защиту политики мира
23. v подтверждать, служить доказательствомlend support — оказывать поддержку; подтверждать
24. v выдерживать, выносить, сносить25. v театр. играть вторые роли, участвовать в эпизодахfront lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа на н.ж.
26. v эк. поддерживать на определённом уровнеСинонимический ряд:1. backing (noun) backing; patronage; promotion2. blessing (noun) blessing; favor; succor3. brace (noun) abutment; brace; buttress; column; crutch; foundation; mainstay; prop; shore; stay; strut; truss; underpinner; underpinning; underpropping4. defense (noun) defense; evidence; justification; reasoning5. help (noun) aid; assist; assistance; comfort; hand; help; lift; relief; secours; succour6. living (noun) alimentation; alimony; bread; bread and butter; keep; livelihood; living; maintenance; provision; salt; subsistence; sustenance; upkeep7. advance (verb) advance; champion; promote8. advocate (verb) advocate; back; defend; endorse; forward; further; get behind; plump for; side with; stand behind9. bear (verb) abide; accept; bear; brook; digest; endure; go; go through; lump; put up with; stand; stick out; stomach; suffer; swallow; sweat out; take; tolerate; undergo10. bear up (verb) bear up; bolster; brace; buoy up; buttress; carry; prop; shore up; strengthen; sustain; underprop; upbear11. finance (verb) finance; fund; subsidize12. help (verb) abet; aid; assist; help; relieve; succour13. maintain (verb) buoy; keep; keep up; maintain; nourish; nurture; provide for14. sponsor (verb) patronise; sponsor15. uphold (verb) backstop; hold; hold up; side; uphold16. verify (verb) confirm; corroborate; establish; substantiate; verifyАнтонимический ряд:betray; block; check; circumvent; counteract; cripple; defeat; desert; destroy; disconcert; discontinue; discourage; dishearten; drop; neglect; oppose; opposition; succumb; superstructure; weaken -
14 Brunelleschi, Filippo
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1377 Florence, Italyd. 15 April 1446 Florence, Italy[br]Italian artist, craftsman and architect who introduced the Italian Renaissance style of classical architecture in the fifteenth century.[br]Brunelleschi was a true "Renaissance Man" in that he excelled in several disciplines, as did most artists of the Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He was a goldsmith and sculptor; fifteenth-century writers acknowledge him as the first to study and demonstrate the principles of perspective, and he clearly possessed a deep mathematical understanding of the principles of architectural structure.Brunelleschi's Foundling Hospital in Florence, begun in 1419, is accepted as the first Renaissance building, one whose architectural style is based upon a blend of the classical principles and decoration of Ancient Rome and those of the Tuscan Romanesque. Brunelleschi went on to design a number of important Renaissance structures in Florence, such as the basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito, the Pazzi Chapel at Santa Croce, and the unfinished church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.However, the artistic and technical feat for which Brunelleschi is most famed is the completion of Florence Cathedral by constructing a dome above the octagonal drum which had been completed in 1412. The building of this dome presented what appeared to be at the time insuperable problems, which had caused previous cathedral architects to shy away from tackling it. The drum was nearly 140 ft (43 m) in diameter and its base was 180 ft (55 m) above floor level: no wooden centering was possible because no trees long enough to span the gap could be found, and even if they had been available, the weight of such a massive framework would have broken centering beneath. In addition, the drum had no external abutment, so the weight of the dome must exert excessive lateral thrust. Aesthetically, the ideal Renaissance dome, like the Roman dome before it (for example, the Pantheon) was a hemisphere, but in the case of the Florence Cathedral such a structure would have been unsafe, so Brunelleschi created a pointed dome that would create less thrust laterally. He constructed eight major ribs of stone and, between them, sixteen minor ones, using a light infilling. He constructed a double-shell dome, which was the first of this type but is a design that has been followed by nearly all major architects since this date (for example Michelangelo's Saint Peter's in Rome, and Wren's Saint Paul's in London). Further strength is given by a herringbone pattern of masonry and brick infilling, and by tension chains of massive blocks, fastened with iron and with iron chains above, girding the dome at three levels. A large lantern finally stops the 50 ft (15.25 m) diameter eye at the point of the dome. Construction of the Florence Cathedral dome was begun on 7 August 1420 and was completed to the base of the lantern sixteen years later. It survives as the peak of Brunelleschi's Renaissance achievement.[br]Further ReadingPeter Murray, 1963, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Batsford, Ch. 2. Howard Saalman, 1980, Filippo Brunelleschi: The Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore, Zwemmer.Piero Sanpaolesi, 1977, La Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore: Il Progetto: La Costruzione, Florence: Edam.Eugenio Battisti, 1981, Brunelleschi: The Complete Work, Thames and Hudson.DY
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